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Circuit Schematic Diagram The circuit is drawn with PCB 123 which you can download for free from  http://www.pcb123.com As a keen cyclist I am always looking for ways to be seen at night. I wanted something that was a novelty and would catch the motorists eye. So looking around at my fellow cyclists rear lights, I came up with the idea of 'NITE-RIDER'. NINE extra bright LED's running from left to right and right to left continuously. It could be constructed with red LEDs for use on the rear of the bike or white LED's for an extra eye catcher on the front of the bike. All IC's are CMOS devices so that a 9V PP3 battery can be used, and the current drawn is very low so that it will last as long as possible. Parts 1 555 timer IC4. 1 4027 flip flop IC1. 2 4017 Decade Counter IC2 and IC3. 3 4071 OR gate IC5, IC6 and IC7. 1 470 Ohm resistor 1/4 watt R3. 2 10K resistors 1/4 watt R1 and R2. 1 6.8UF Capasitor 16V C1. 9 Super brght LED's 1 to 9. 1 9V PP3 Battery. 1 single ...

Here is a circuit of mobile phone charger.The main part of the circuit mobile cellphone charger is timer IC NE555, used to charge and monitor the voltage level. IC1 get control voltage to pin 5 by zener diode ZD1­. Threshold pin 6 and trigger pin 2 is supplied with a voltage set by VR1 and VR2 respectively. The trigger pin 2 of IC1 is below 1/3VCC when discharge battery is connected to the circuit as a result flip-flop of IC1 is switched on to take output pin 3 high. The process is reversed when battery is fully charged of charged battery is connected. Here transistor T1 used to enhance the charging current from output pin 3 of IC1. Adjust potentiometer VR1 and VR2 as per require. PARTS LIST Resistors R1 = 390 Ω R2 = 680 Ω R3 = 39 Ω/1W R4 = 27 KΩ R5 = 47 KΩ R6 = 3.3 KΩ R7 = 100 Ω/1W VR1, VR2 = 20 KΩ  Capacitors C1 = 0.001 µF (ceramic disc) C2 = 0.01 µF (ceramic disc) C3 = 4.7 µF/25V (Electrolytic )  Semiconductors IC1 = NE555 timer IC T1 = SL100 or any Medium power general...

STV9380 and STV9381 is a vertical ic-out which very efficient, so it does not require cooling (heat sink) as the vertical ic is generally. This circuit works the same way as most other vertical ic, except at the amplifier end only. Amplifier section works at the end of class D (this is different to the generally vertical ic which working on a class AB).  STV9380 and STV9381 Vertical signal input by the "MODULATOR" changed its form to first become a form of "pulses" box before it is reinforced by the end of the transistor. Here transistor "amplifier end" work as like "switching transistor". Output result is a strengthening of which pulses of the box is then returned into regular shapes such as vertical signal using an LC fillter (capacitor and filter coil) . Requires IC supply voltage (+) 16V and (-) 16V STV9380 is able to produce pulses of the vertical 2.5 APP (Ampere pitch to peak) and STV9381 3 APP. STV9380 and STV9381 Vertical efficient

Almost all 24V power systems in trucks, 4WDs, RVs, boats, etc, employ two series-connected 12V lead-acid batteries. The charging system can only maintain the sum of the individual battery voltages. If one battery is failing, this circuit will light a LED. Hence impending battery problems can be forecast. The circuit works by detecting a voltage difference between the two series connected 12V batteries. Idle current is low enough to allow the unit to be permanently left across the batteries. Circuit diagram: Battery Equality Monitor Circuit Diagram Parts: R1 = 2.K R2 = 4.7K R3 = 39K R4 = 39K R5 = 1.5K R6 = 1.5K Q1 = BC547 Q2 = BC547 Q3 = BC557 D1 = 3mm Red LED D2 = 3mm GreenLED B1 = DC 12 Volt B2 = DC 12 Volt

This is simple but low cost universal battery Charger for NiCD - NiMH batteries. This circuit is Ideal for car use. It has ability to transform a mains adapter in to a charger . This one can be used to charge cellular phone, toys, portables, video batteries, MP3 players, ... and has selectable charge current. An LED is located in circuit to indicate charging. Can be built on a general purpose PCB or a veroboard. I hope you really like it. Low Cost Universal Charger Circuit Diagram:  Parts: R1 = 120R-0...5W R2 = See Diagram C1 = 220uF-35V D1 = 1N4007 D2 = 3mm. LED Q1 = BD135 J1 = DC Input Socket Specifications:     Ideal for in car use.     LED charge indication.     Selectable charge current.     Charges Ni Cd or NiMH batteries.     Transforms a mains adapter into a charger.     Charge cellular phone, toys, portables, video batteries … Features:     LED function indication. ...

Zener diode ZD1 senses the supply, and should the supply rise above 6 V, Ql will turn on. In turn, Q2 conducts clamping the rail. Subsequent events depend on the source supply. It will either shut down, go into current limit or blow its supply fuse. None of these will damage the TTL chips. The rating of Q2 depends on the source supply, and whether it will be required to operate continuously in the event of failure. Its current rating has to be in excess of the source supply. Over voltage protection for logic Circuit Diagram

Occasionally a designer needs a dual power supply to power a circuit that is operating with signals near or at ground but the only available supply is a single polarity, usually positive. Many excellent IC solutions are available but a suitable solution for many projects may be constructed from "junk box" parts. The simple circuit below will generate about 9 volts and -4 volts from a single 5 volt supply with sufficient current to power a simple op-amp circuit. The positive voltage drops to about 7 volts when supplying 7 mA and the negative voltage drops to about 3.5 volts when supplying 3.5 mA (1k loads). Although this isn't exactly a +- 15 volt supply, this is plenty of voltage and current for many op-amp circuits and will allow the output of most op-amps to swing below zero volts and will allow most op-amp inputs to measure voltages below zero volts. This circuit uses the CD4049 which is a high current version of the CD4069 which will also work with somewhat lower curr...

Keil MicroVision is a free software, we use it for embedded program developing. In this software we have provided a platform to write a program using text editor, compile program to convert source code into machine language i.e. compiler will convert source code into hex file.   Here is simple guidance for  How to write programs in  Assembly language or C/C++ How to Compile and Assembling Programs How to Debug program Creating Hex and Axf file Test a program without Available real Hardware (Simulator Mode)  Here a program to write a data 55H to port 1  and complementing data after some time delay is explained. Following is the  process of  writing  program in Keil ,its  execution and Debugging : Step 1: Open Keil uV3 Step 2 : After opening Keil uV3, Go to Project tab,create New Project ,select new folder and  give name to the Project.     Step 3 : After Creating project following window will pop-up. Now Select your devi...

Normally cell batteries have a shelf life of 2 to 5 years under normal use . After that time we have to replace them . Nowadays there replacement batteries which are cheap, but these batteries last for much less cost only months. An easy solution is to use batteries in a circuit that requires less current , we can use them for lighting LEDs .  How to Reuse Old Cell Battery for LED lighting 

Overview This is an IR remote control for Nikon cameras. It is compatible with the Nikon ML-L3 remote control. Supported cameras include: D40, D40X, D50, D60, D70, D70s, D80, Coolpix 8400 8800. This design is based on an idea from http://www.bigmike.it/ircontrol/. Hardware The circuit is extremely simple: an ATtiny13V, button, transistor, resistor, IR diode and 3V battery. You could even omit the transistor and resistor, and connect the IR diode directly to the ATtiny13V, but that will limit the LED current and therefor the range. I chose to power the circuit permanently, and connect the button to an input, instead of controlling the power with the button. This ensures that the IR sequence is always completely sent, even when you release the button too early, and that contact bounce may be filtered. The standby power consumption is so low, about the same as the self-discharge rate of the lithium battery, that this does not really affect the battery life. The internal oscillator of the...

Using the bilateral properties of a balanced mixer this transvertcr will produce 6-m output with 2-m inputs. Y1 is a 90-MHz crystal. Note that the input on 2 m is 143 to 144 MHz for 53 to 54-MHz output. This avoids possibility of extraneous 2-m reception during receive periods. If your radio will not transmit below 144 MHz, then use a 93- or 94-MHz crystal frequency. 2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram Build a 2M 6M Transverter Circuit Diagram

 The circuit above is based on IC TEA2024, package IC is SIP2-10 and manufactered by THOMSON. Circuit above can be applied anywhere as long as the speaker must be required , do not use powered speakers, it will make this circuit of hot , especially on the IC. So the use of powered speakers with the power output of this circuit. Technical Information : Minimum voltage : 6 Volts DC Maximum voltage: 18Volts DC Power Output       : 2 x 7 Watts Impedance           : 4 Ohms Currents               : 35 mA

Transformer (transformer) is the electrical / electronics that function to move energy (power) power from input to output or from the primary to the secondary side. The transfer of power from primary to secondary voltage is accompanied by changes either up or down. There are two types of transformer Raising the voltage transformer (stepup transformers) and lowering the voltage transformer (stepdown transformer). If the primary voltage is smaller than the secondary voltage, so-called stepup transformer. But if the primary voltage is greater than the secondary voltage, so-called stepdown transformer.At each transformer has primary windings named input and output is called the secondary winding. Has an iron core transformer for low frequency and high frequency ferrite core or some that did not have a core (air core). When the primary winding given alternating current (AC), the primary windings will be the direction of the magnetic field also magnitnya commute. This magnetic field will ind...

Description Here’s the circuit of a multi-switch input musical doorbell (shown in Fig.1). The circuit is built around the popular and less expensive quad D-latch CD4042B (IC1). When switch S6 is pushed to ‘on’ condition, the circuit gets +9V and the four data inputs (D1 through D4) of ICI are in low state because these are tied to ground via resistors R1 through R4. Polarity input (POL) pin 6 of IC1 is also pulled down by resistor R5. Circuit Diagram Clock input (pin 5) of the quad D-latch is wired in normally low mode and hence all the four outputs (Q0 through Q3) have the same states as their corresponding data inputs. As a result, LED1 through LED4 are in off condition. There are four switches fitted at four different doors/gates outside the home and a monitoring panel (as shown in Fig. 2) in the common room of the home. If any switch is pressed by a visitor (for example switch S1 at d...

In tnis post we learn a simple circuit idea which may be used for producing important waveforms such as triangle waveform and square waveform. Triangular wave forms and square waves are the most sought after wave forms for the electronic hobbyist. Triangular wave forms are needed to develop PWM circuits. Both triangular and square wave forms are the tools for any electronic calibration. Here in this circuit by using a simple dual op-Amp, it is possible to get both the triangle and the square wave from the same circuit. The amplifier at the left generates the triangular wave form. The frequency of the triangular wave shall depend on the value of the capacitance and value of R. The time interval of one half-cycle is equal to R*C and it can source around 10mA of current at its output. The output of the first op-Amp is being gated at the non- inverting input of the second op-Amp which has a symmetry adjustment pot connected at its inverting input. The output of the second o...

Basically the DAC circuit is made to meet the need for the level of influence in the development of digital electronic circuits electronics world. Since the discovery of Silicon and Germanium semiconductor material then quickly there was a revolution in terms of simplicity and accuracy of an electronic circuit. Besides, with the implementation of digital circuits will support at all in terms of data storage and mobility. Lots of data can now be operated with a computer is a data converted from analog signals. For example a voice signal or analog form of video can be played and stored using a computer after analog signals are converted into digital data. Advantages possessed by the digital data than analog signal is a certainty the nature of the data or logic. Digital data only can be divided into two kinds of logic high "1" and logic low "0". Logic 1 represents 5 volts and low logic voltage 0 volts represents. Examples of the advantages of digital signals over anal...

A microcontroller is nothing but a small computer on a single integrated circuit , it consist of central processing unit, memory unit, and programmable input/output peripherals.  Memory  unit consist of ROM as well as RAM. Microcontrollers are generally  designed for embedded applications that is dedicated applications which different than  the  microprocessors which are  used in personal computers or general purpose applications. Intel made 8051, referred as MCS- 51, in 1981.The 8051 is an 8-bit processor, its mean that CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time.The 8051 became widely popular when Intel  allowed other manufactures  in the market to make any flavor of the 8051. MCS- 51 Family: The 8051 is a father of MCS-51 family because it is the original member of 8051 family.The 8052 is a subset of the 8051 The 8031 is a ROM-less 8051Add external ROM to it.You lose two ports, and leave only 2 ports for I/O operations. Features of 8051 : Fol...

In this amplifier circuit using IC TDA8944J as the main amplifier with dual-channel audio amplifier with 2 x 7W output power at 8 Ω impedance. And a minimum supply voltage of 9-18 Volts. In this ic contains two Bridge Tied Load or BTL amplifier. The circuit is often found in audio amplifier in a series of television, besides TDA2003, TDA2006 and so forth. PCB for a series of amplifiers using IC TDA8944J is very compatible with all other types of IC in IC TDA894X family unit , and below is a schematics.

An object is an instance of a class Every object has its own copy of the attributes defined in the class an can perform the behaviurs defined in the class For example if a television class has defined then an object of that class might have values for its attributes as follows: size = 34 serial number = 123459876 production date = 10/06/01 An object is represented in the UML in the following fashion A rectangle is used with an underlined name The name of the object is on the left of a colon The name of the class from which the object is produced is specified on the right fo the colon

This amplifier circuit requires voltage ranging from 4Volt to 12Volt, a relatively low voltage. And strong currents needed to obtain a good sound is not too big. This amplifier circuit has a power output or speakers 1W. The output is very small when compared with the voltage amplifiers high. To use it can be used in radio tuner or radio receiver. The series of schemes can be seen below. Technical information Vcc                = 4,5-15 V Pout               = 1 W RL                 = 8 Ohm Ft                   = 50-15 Khz Icco               = 10 mA Package         = TABS4-14 Manufactered = RFT

Thissimple  road ice alarm electronic circuit schematic use a LM3900 quad operational amplifier. As a temperature sensor this road ice alarm circuit use a thermistor. When the temperature is around  36 degrees Fahrenheit (2.2 celsius degrees)  the LED connected on pin 4 at the LM3900 op amp will flashes at once about each one second.  Simple Road Ice Alarm Schematic: When the temperature is going down to 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius) the led remains on. Before you use this road ice alarm electronic circuit you need to calibrate it. To calibrate the circuit you need to put the thermistor in a mixture of a crushed ice and water and adjust the variable resistor R2 until the LED is remaining on. The road ice alarm circuit needs to be powered from a 12 volts DC power supply circuit ( If you use it for car the car battery can be used for powering the circuit ).

The HA13159 is four-channel BTL amplifier IC designed for car audio, featuring high output and low distortion, and applicable to digital audio equipment. It provides 37 W output per channel, with a 13.7 V power supply and at Max distortion. Circuit diagram: 4-channel 37 Watt amplifier circuit Datasheet for HA13159: Download

This circuit is also Very simple and easy to make , simply by using the IC and 6 other components such as resistor and capacitor, you have to run this circuit. The IC uses TDA1015T , minimum voltage require 3 volt and maximum voltage required 12 volt. Power output 0,5 Watt mono , its low power amplifier. Power amplifier Schematic below : Click image to view larger If the amplifier does not work , please check : Supply voltage Components , its damaged or not. Input connected or not Output connected or not Supply voltage of each components Line PCB.

Video Switch for Intercom System Circuit Diagram. Nowadays a lot of intercom units are  equipped with video cameras so that you can  see as well as hear who is at the door. Unfortunately, the camera lens is perfectly placed  to serve as a sort of support point for people  during the conversation, with the result that  there’s hardly anything left see in the video  imagery.  One way to solve this problem is to install two cameras on the street side instead only  one, preferably some distance apart. If you  display the imagery from the two cameras  alternately, then at least half of the time you  will be able to see what is happening in front  of the door. Thanks to the video switch module described  here, which should be installed on the street  side not too far away from the two cameras,  you need only one monitor inside the house and you don’t need to install any additional video cables.   Circuit diagram :...

Here I will explain about the necessary voltage and power amplifier output. The voltage should have at least approximately 9Volt 30Volt voltage and maximum voltage on the DC current. For maximum output of 2 X 2Watt with impedance 8-16 ohm. Because this amplifier circuit using ic and ic is used have the equation, so that if used different ic, then the required output voltage and also differ depending ic respectively. Part List : Resistor R1 = 1M R2 = 1M R3 = 1K R4 = 1K R5 = 100K R6 = 100K R7 = 1R R8 = 1R Capacitor C1 = 1uF C2 = 220uF C3 = 1uF C4 = 100uF C5 = 5uF C6 = 5uF C7 = 0.1uF C8 = 220uF C9 = 220uF C10 = 0.1uF IC U1 = ULN2274B , ULN2277 , ULN2278B

This is a simple Using IC IT82207 Sounds from Circuit Diagram. This circuit is able to take you to the world of the Wild West. For this it uses the integrated 18-pin IT82207 (IC1) of Holtek, which literally takes care of everything. You have to do is add a few accessories, including a loudspeaker and six selector switches. From an operational point of view, IT82207 hosts inside a generator noise sequences, that listening to them. Reminiscent of the Wild West. The choice of sound is through the switch 8186, whose importance is noted below. In the resting state, the circuit absorbs power less than 1 Ma. Using IC IT82207 Sounds from Circuit Diagram

This circuit uses a 555 timer as the bases of the touch switch. You can learn more about 555 timers in the Learning section on my site. When the plate is touched the 555 timer is triggered and the output on pin 3 goes high turning on the LED and the buzzer for a certain period of time. The time that the LED and the buzzer is on is based on the values of the capacitor and resistor connected to pin 6 & 7. The 10M resistor on pin 2 causes the the circuit to be very sensitive to the touch.

TDA2003 is a cheap amplifier that is designed to run on single rail power supplies (unipolar). It provides a high output current capability (up to 3.5A), very low harmonic and cross-over distortion.  18W TDA2003 bridge Circuit Diagram TDA2003 bridge 18W amplifier TDA2003 can be used as an BCL (bridge amplifier) and car deliver up to 18W.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR MODULES (VRM) A SOLUTION FOR CPU CORE VOLTAGE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT For each phase, the components on point (2) above which constitute all the power components are placed on a small plug-in board of 1.15? x 0.85? that delivers 40 Amps and receives the PWM TTL signal from the controller. This module has a footprint of about 0.85? x 0.25? of the motherboard space and may be placed anywhere on the board as close as possible to theCPU reducing the transmission impedance and losses and giving the Motherboard designer the flexibility to optimize the power and PCB space utilization. Each modular board may be fitted individually with its own heat sink.

Description Superheterodyne receivers have been mass-produced since around 1924, but for reasons of cost did not become successful until the 1930s. Before the second world war other, simpler receiver technologies such as the TRF receiver and the regenerative receiver were still widespread. The circuit described here is based on the old technology, but brought up-to-date a The most important part of the circuit is the input stage, where positive feedback is used to achieve good sensitivity and selectivity. The first stage is adjusted so that it is not quite at the point of oscillation. This increases the gain and the selectivity, giving a narrow bandwidth. To achieve this, the potentiometer connected to the drain of the FET must be adjusted very carefully: optimal performance of the receiver depends on its setting. In ideal conditions several strong stations should be obtainable during the day using a 50 cm antenna. At night, several times this number should be obtainable. The frequency...

Stereo Power Amplifier is 2x70Watt STA550 chip audio power with BASH concept that can be connected with digital device. 2x70Watt STA550 Stereo Power Amplifier is an amplifier with BTL system with symmetrical power supply with ground. Power amplifier STA550 uses power output transistor which is on the chip and is set to produce a high efficiency audio power. Power output on the STA550 is using the system without copling ac bridge (direct) and zero offset. Strengthening of the STA550 from stereo power amplifier is +12 dB. 2x70Watt STA550 Stereo Power Amplifier is equipped with temperature sensors for protection from overheating and current-limiting protection system for power amplifier. 2x70Watt STA550 Stereo Power Amplifier is equipped with standby and mute controls to regulate silent or active mode power amplifier. Feature Stereo Power Amplifier 2x70Watt STA550 : Monochip Bridge Stereo Amplifier dengan Bash® Architecture 55+55w Output Power @ Rl = 4/8 W, Thd = 0.5% 70+70w Output Power ...

The LP2951 regulator is manufactured by National Semiconductors. The choice of values is from an application note Battery Charging , written by Chester Simpson. Diode D1 can be any diode from the 1N00x series, whichever is conveniently available. It functions as a blocking diode, to prevent a back flow of current from the battery into the LP2951 when the input voltage is disconnected. Charging current is about 100+mA, which is the internally-limited maximum current of the LP2951. For those wondering, this is compatible with just about any single-cell li-ion battery since li-ion can generally accept a charging current of up to about 1c (i.e. charging current in mA equivalent to their capacity in mAh, so a 1100mAh li-ion cell can be charged at up to 1100mA and so on). Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit Diagram A lower charging current just brings about a correspondingly longer charge time. IMHO 100mA is quite low, low enough that the circuit can be used for an overnight charger for many typ...