My Circuit

USB Type-C is a singular cable set out to replace a slew of other connectors by making a standard, future-proof cable. In addition to charging, the USB-C allows data transfer and video as well as connecting to Ethernet. Texas Instruments' announcement of an all-in-one USB Type-C and USB power delivery controller provides a power path that operates as a single or dual-role port which allows for many host and device power implementations. The TPS65982. The TPS65982 allows for delivery of both power and data in several alternate modes. It can be configured to support data as a downstream or upstream-facing port, or as both host and device. It also supports data rates at up to 5.4Gb/s with a standby power of 40µW - more than 50% lower than competitive offerings - to extend battery life. This is especially important in mobile devices like laptops that rely on energy maximization but demand high performance. The USB Type-C included in the new MacBook Retina. In systems requiring up ...

Storage and Handling of Materials Materials used in the workshop may be classified as: a)      corrosive, b)      combustible or, c)       non-combustible materials. When dealing with any of these materials, care must be taken to avoid accidents associated with them. Examples of corrosive materials are:          i.            Sulphuric acid,        ii.            Killed spirits such as zinc chloride acid,       iii.            Hydrochloric acid. All acids must be treated as dangerous and should be stored and handled very cautiously. For instance, sulphuric acid causes painful and serious burns if it gets on the skin and, as such, proper protective clothes such as gloves and aprons must always be worn when working with acids. To avoid explosions during mixing, always add acid to water and not vic...

 Used as a protective circuit above uses a component named PTC , the components in the operating obstacles , but obstacles desert PTC component is influenced by temperature, whereby if the cold temperatures of less than 100 degrees celcius , then this component has a few obstacles. And when temperature run to 100 degrees celcius or higher, which is owned PTC resistance will rise ass well. Because it depends on ambitient temperature , the PTC can be assembled into a circuit protection if high ambitient temperature, tand automatically switchess off, circuit like a schematic above. Part List : R1___4K7 R2___10K R3___1K9 R4___1M R5___4k7 TH1__PTC thermistor IC____LM393

Many electronic projects require the use of a small audio amplifier. Be it a radio transceiver, a digital voice recorder, or an intercom, they all call for an audio amp that is small, cheap, and has enough power to provide adequate loudness to fill a room, without pretending to serve a disco! About one Watt RMS seems to be a convenient size, and this is also about the highest power that a simple amplifier fed from 12V can put into an 8 Ohm speaker. A very low saturation amplifier may go as high up as 2 Watt, but any higher power requires the use of a higher voltage power supply, lower speaker impedance, a bridge circuit, or a combination of those. During my many years building electronic things I have needed small audio amps many times, and have pretty much standardized on a few IC solutions, first and and foremost the LM386, which is small, cheap, and very easy to use. But it does not produce high quality audio... For many applications, the advantages weigh more than the distortion an...

Bad News For Lovers PTA stopping SMS and Call packages. Earlier a letter from the PTA Director General Muhammad Talib Dogar reminded relevant authorities of a PTA Directive from Nov 14, 2012, which instructed all operating companies to quit offering chat packages “contrary to moral values of the society”.   Islamabad: Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has stated that it has been misquoted in media regarding the stopping of chat packages.

I may have mentioned a while back that a friend of mine generously donated a couple of nut and saddle blanks – one set in Corian and one set in ebony. I already used the Corian nut blank to make a raised nut for playing slide guitar (as seen HERE). Now it was time to put the ebony to use. My acoustic only came with a plastic nut and saddle, so I was keen to see what sort of a difference this would make (to be discussed later). The ebony blanks: The first thing I should mention here is that ebony is a very difficult wood to work with. The only thing I can compare it to is frozen chocolate. It’s extremely hard, but it’s still possible to chip bits off the edge quite easily, so you have to be very careful, patient, and have very sharp tools. First thing to do was to remove the old nut and saddle to use as a template. These were then traced around on the nut and saddle blanks. Let’s look at the process of making the saddle first. The tracing: Cutting to length: Initial, quite rough, shapin...

Enhancement MOSFET A p-channel enhancement MOSFET consists of lightly doped n-substrate. Into which two heavily doped p + regions are diffused. These two p +  source and the drain. A thin layer of siO 2 is grown over the surface of the entire assembly. Holes are cut into this Si O 2 layer for making contact with p +  source and drain regions. On the SiO 2 layer, a metal (aluminium) layer is overlaid coveting the entire channel region from source to drain. This aluminium layer constitutes the gate. The area of MOSFET is typically 5 square miles or less. This area is extremely small being only about 5% of the area required for a bipolar junction transistor. A parallel plate capacitor is formed with the metal area of the gate and the semiconductor channel acting as the electrodes of the capacitor. The oxide layer acts as the dielectric between the electrodes. Working of Enhancement MOSFET                          ...

This is a generator circuit which is very useful, it simultaneously generates two types of noise, pink and white. The noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise . Noise generators are used to test , measure noise , frequency response , and other parameters . The circuit described here is based on the operational amplifier 741 .  Dual White Noise and Pink Noise Generator Circuit Diagram

The electronic dog repellent circuit diagram below is a high output ultrasonic transmitter which is primarily intended to act as a dog and cat repeller, which can be used individuals to act as a deterrent against some animals. It should NOT be relied upon as a defence against aggressive dogs but it may help distract them or encourage them to go away and do not consider this as an electronic pest repeller. The ultrasonic dog repellant uses a standard 555 timer IC1 set up as an oscillator using a single RC network to give a 40 kHz square wave with equal mark/space ratio. This frequency is above the hearing threshold for humans but is known to be irritating frequency for dog and cats. Since the maximum current that a 555 timer can supply is 200mA an amplifier stage was required so a high-power H-bridge network was devised, formed by 4 transistors TR1 to TR4. A second timer IC2 forms a buffer amplifier that feeds one input of the H-bridge driver, with an inverted waveform to that of IC1 ou...

The electronic circuit described in this article's main function remote monitoring of power consumption (over current) in a domestic mains alternating current. This monitoring is necessary in many systems, especially in electronic counters, power supplies, AC, inverters, converters, etc. The operation of the circuit is simple, to be connected to the power grid, and when the circuit detects a consumption in the electric network of more than 5 mA he lights LA1 signal lamp. The device can work with currents of several amperes, it depends on the diode used in D1 and D2. The Ti1 transistor is turned on when the D1 and D2 drop exceeds a certain level. Monitor and Protection Alarm Over Current Circuit Diagram Fuse F1 must of course be dimensioned to suit the application and current limit circuit. When Ti1 leads the alternating current can flow through the capacitor, and the triac is triggered, so that lights the lamp LA1. The above circuit is a current alarm of some changes, there is a br...

Modern audio frequency amplifiers provide flat frequency response over the whole audio range from 16 Hz to 20 kHz. To get faithful reproduction of sound we need depth of sound, which is provided by bass (low notes). Hence low-frequency notes should be amplified more than the high frequency notes (treble). To cater to the individual taste, and also to offset the effect of noise present with the signal, provision of bass and treble controls is made. The combined control is referred to as tone control. The circuit for bass and treble control shown in the figure is quite simple and cost-effective. This circuit is designed to be adopted for any stereo system.  Here, the power supply is 12-volt DC, which may be tapped from the power supply of stereo system itself. For the sake of clarity, the figure here shows only one channel (the circuit for the other channel being identical). The input for the circuit is taken from the output of preamplifier stage for the left as well as right channel of ...

This circuit have applied to line detection of robot project, Good match between the transmitter and the detector is important for proper operation, especially if the hole is large. Infrared Emitter & Detector Circuit Diagram:   Robot with a simple object or obstacle detection. Infrared Transmitter detector pair sensors are relatively easy to implement, although involved some degree of testing and calibration in order to make correct. They can for the impediment, motion detection, transmitters, encoders are used, and the color detection. This can be done with a piece of rope stretched between and in accordance with LED and phototransistor. A length of stiff wire or plugs can be used to set the alignment. Another method that can be used for long distances is a laser pointer shone through a hole. Source / detector alignment method The transmitter can be mounted above the track with the phototransistor placed between the rails in places like hidden deposits. Place the transmitter ...

Know Your Types of box type subwoofer Performance subwoofer to produce low bass sound and also solid course supported by a subwoofer enclosure or box. Subwoofer box in the car usually has a different size, it is adjusted to the recommendations of the technical data from these subwoofers. However, each audio installer, have different styles in a box design. If all this time, we only know when the box was just the type that's all, it did not. Box consists of various types and models. Design, size (dimensions) and a subwoofer box models are usually clearly taken into account at the time of manufacture, even carefully designed too often acted the Installer. Clearly, each type of box has a value of strengths and weaknesses, all models of boxes, if applied correctly, clearly gives a very maximum performance subwoofer. Following this, the types of subwoofer box that is often applied in car audio: If you want us to categorize the type of subwoofer box can be divided according to several or...

1.3 Personal Movement and Conduct Students need to realize electricity workshops have their own safety rules that students may not have met in some other places. These rules should be distinct from the normal schools.  For instance, a class may be locked for fear of theft whereas in an electrical work safety may be overrule! Accidents are preventable and therefore all the learners and the teacher instructor must work together.  To do this always observe the following: 1. Never horse-play in the electrical workshop; 2. Always alert others when carrying long or sharp objects; 3. Seek assistance, if you have to carry heavy objects; 4. Never stand or lie under heavy objects suspended above the ground; 5. Do not walk blindly. Please always look where you are going; 6. Keep workbenches and machine tops clean and tidy; 7. Always wipe spilt oil, grease or water off the floor immediately; 8. Never leave a running machine unattended; 9. Wash hands immediately after work; 10. A...

What is power? Power is the rate of using or supplying energy: Power =   Energy       Power is measured in watts (W) Energy is measured in joules (J) Time is measured in seconds (s)  Time Electronics is mostly concerned with small quantities of power, so the power is often measured in milliwatts (mW), 1mW = 0.001W. For example an LED uses about 40mW and a bleeper uses about 100mW, even a lamp such as a torch bulb only uses about 1W. The typical power used in mains electrical circuits is much larger, so this power may be measured in kilowatts (kW), 1kW = 1000W. For example a typical mains lamp uses 60W and a kettle uses about 3kW. Calculating power using current and voltage There are three ways of writing an equation for power, current and voltage: Power = Current × Voltage   so    P = I × V  or  I =   P  V  or  V =   P  I where: P = power in watts (W) V = vol...

This Treble and Bass Control without IC or Transistor circuit consists of bass and treble just a few capacitors, resistors and two potentiometers to adjust BASS and TREBLE. The circuit is very functional, can be used to adjust the small sound amplifiers. And control Treble and works relatively well. The interesting thing is that this control does not use or IC or transistor. Treble and Bass Control without IC or Transistor Circuit Diagram How to Treble and Bass Control without IC or Transistor

Basically adapter, power supply and charger circuit has a similar construction which consists of a transformer, rectifier (rectifier) and smoothing the voltage. For there is usually an additional power supply voltage stabilizer of voltage regulator IC LM series 78XX or 79XX . Below is a schematic circuit adapter, power supply, or battery charger (for gadgets, mobile phones, MP4player, smartphone) that is equipped with a 5V voltage stabilizer: Adapter, power supply and charger circuit